Mexican Revolution Crossword
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
                                                    
 
 
Down: 2) Francisco Madero's party with which he ran in the 1910 election4) was issued after the capture of the city of Juarez; provisions: ended hostilities, called for resignation of Diaz, and placed Francisco de la Berra as provisional president; the biggest problem with the treaty was that it left all of Diaz' institutions and his cabinet in place6) the Mexican Revolution continues under Cardenas; he established a spirit of service in the bureaucracy; closed gambling houses and cut his own salary in half8) American and British oil companies vs. workers unions; the strike leads to arbitration, but companies refuse to settle; this leads to Cardenas nationalizing oil companies and further economic independence11) Written by Madero while in jail; declared that 1) the results of the 1910 election were null and void 2) Madero assumed the title of provisional president and 3) called for free elections when conditions permitted. Suggests Diaz hardly had an iron grip; along with this plan he called for armed resist; As a result: the rebel movement grew rapidly, as its troops took Ciudad Juarez (across the border from El Paso).14) Consolidated Copper Mine Strike - Cananea, Sonora copper strike. Consolidated Copper Company of William C. Greene. 5,360 Mexicans and 2,200 Americans. Wages were above national average. Mexicans received 3 pesos for 10-11 hrs; Americans received 7 pesos for 8-10 hrs. Strike on June 1, 1906. Shot at. State troops and rurales and then U.S. forces from Arizona. 23 killed. Infuriated Mexicans but showed that the regime had no qualms about using force or use gringos to kill Mexicans.16) (National Revolutionary Party)- Calles institutionalizes the rule of "the revolutionary party"; under different names, this party has been ruling since 1929, their official presidential candidate had never lost; after consolidating power, the revolutionary party becomes conservative; the shift coincides with the beginning of the Great Depression; rule over when Vincente Fox won only recently; by 1933, a progressive wing of PNR emerges with General Cardenas as leader of the reformers17) this was Emiliano Zapata's reform policy; maintained that all foreign lands would be seized, all lands previously taken from villages (ejidos) would be returned, 1/3 of all land held by "friendly" hacendados taken for redistribution, and all lands owned by Zapata's enemies would be taken. Zapatistas (country dwellers who had seen their lands taken away through "liberal" inspiration) said Madero "did not carry to a happy end the revolution which gloriously he initiated with the help of God and the people."24) "Confederacion regional de obrera Mexicana," the labor union instituted by Obregon headed by Luis Morones. This was meant to encourage organized labor. Obregon government bet heavily on this and Obregon soon co-opted it, while at the same time harassing the communist and anarchist-led unions. Across: 1) Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign secretary in 1917, sent a letter to Carranza asking him to join Germany in the fight against the US in W.W.I, promising Mexican cession lands, such as California, to be returned; the British admiral intercepted it, turned it over to Wilson, aiding in the declaration of war on Germany 5 weeks later; Carranza stayed out of it3) militant Catholics (guerillas); religious conflict under Calles; government schools and teachers were targets of the attack; government repression of guerillas severe5) It was a premier document of the Mexican Revolution. Carranza eventually accepted a draft made by delegates but never fully implemented it; the Constitution was never fully embraced by any of the presidents until the era of Lazaro Cardenas. The constitution was similar to the constitution of 1857. It was adapted on February 5, 1917 and is still the governing document in Mexico today.7) Obregon confirms nonretroactivity; goes back to Article 27; the US in turn gives recognition to the Obregon government9) It was a premier document of the Mexican Revolution. Carranza eventually accepted a draft made by delegates but never fully implemented it; the Constitution was never fully embraced by any of the presidents until the era of Lazaro Cardenas. The constitution was similar to the constitution of 1857. It was adapted on February 5, 1917 and is still the governing document in Mexico today.10) the ten day period of turmoil in the capital where Felix Diaz and Bernardo Reyes begin fighting in Mexico City; led to Madero's fall and assassination and the rise of Huerta.12) Carranza assumes leadership of rebellion against Huerta; declared Huerta's rise to power illegitimate; Carranza declares himself "First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army"; followed by edicts pushed by Obregon and Luis Cabrera: restoration of ejidos and the establishment of the National Agrarian Commission, it also called for improved conditions of the poor13) The USS Dolphin affair. A small US landing party from the USS Dolphin, stationed off the coast near Tampico and under the command of Captain Ralph T. Earle, were arrested after wandering into a restricted area. The sailors were soon released and an apology given. US Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo thought the apology insufficient and demanded the Mexican army to hoist the US flag and present a twenty-one gun salute to the American Navy. Led to the Veracruz occupation in which the US enters Veracruz and marines take over; there were 400 Mexican casualties versus 4 US deaths and 20 wounded; Huerta had to draw troops away from fighting revolutionaries to deal with US troops, which helped lead to his downfall15) Reacting to the US embargo on arms, Pancho Villa raids Columbus, New Mexico and kills 16 civilians; Wilson sends General Pershing into Mexico to capture and punish Villa; Carranza opposes this action, viewing it as "foreign invasion"; never successful in locating Villa18) Party of the Mexican Revolution- Cardenas reorganized and purged the party of Calles' influence; the three pillars of this party are labor, the peasantry, and the army.19) a system in which workers on large landholders' land would be paid in vouchers or tokens that were only redeemable at the stores belonging the landholders; any debt accumulated by one worker would be passed to his children if he was unable to pay it; debt would continue to move through the generations until fully paid20) the Confederacion de Trabajadores Mexicanos- formerly CROM; under Cardenas; strikes supported by government (where appropriate),and corrupt leaders were removed21) Meant to counter social Darwinism and Cientificos; under Obregon; Manuel Gamio was the Director of the Office of Anthropology; there was a reassessment of Indian cultural heritage, pushing the greatness of old Indian arts; the reevaluation of the Aztec culture emphasizes their influence on modern culture and increases nationalism22) Former liberal general - President, 1876-1911, when overthrown (except for 1880-1884 term served by Manuel Gonzales, friend) Offered an end to civil wars - Greater social stability - National development (commercialization and capitalist expansion) included increasing domination of foreign capital - Created solid banking system, tax collection system, made Mexican currency one of the soundest - Abandoned strong anti-clerical stance (in contrast to La Reforma presidents, like Juarez) - Repression used to support "Order and Progress" ideas - Guardias Rurales (brutal personal police force) - Ciantificos promoted Positivist doctrines - "Pan o Palo": co-opted local caudillos and made them part of his regime in order to centralize control - Built up federal army, infrastructure (using foreign capital) - Supported land concentration by haciendas23) US enters Veracruz and marines take over; there were 400 Mexican casualties versus 4 US deaths and 20 wounded; Huerta had to draw troops away from fighting revolutionaries to deal with US troops, which helped lead to his downfall25) Convention of Villa's, Carranza's, and Zapata's supporters; wanted to decide who would lead Mexico; led to Carranza's move to Veracruz for safety; Villa's troops take control of the convention hall; Villa also issue a suicide statement; Plan de Ayala adopted; led to debate between Conventionists (Zapata supporters and Villa supporters) vs. Constitutionalists (Carranza supporters)
 

 

Create your own Crossword Puzzle for Free!		  Show Errors as I Type