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Down: 1) The distinctive path of Western Europe in the centuries following the fall of the western Roman Empire, leading to a society that included elements of ancient Rome, the practices of Germanic invaders who formed new states, Christianity, and elements of pre-Roman culture that still survived.2) Western Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the 11th century, with towns that created major trade networks and that were notable for the high degree of independence they often enjoyed.4) An association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulated their professions; it also provided a social and religious network for members.6) A remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for variety of reasons.8) A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.10) Term used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries; named after the ancient Greek city Byzantium, on the sit of which the Roman emperor Constantine founded a new capital, Constantinople, in 330 C.E. Across: 3) Alphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages.5) Modern term meaning “ventures of the cross,” used to describe the “holy wars” waged by western Christendom from 1095 until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; Crusades could only be declared by the Pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return.7) Some works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) had always been known in Western Europe, but beginning in the Eleventh century, medieval thought was increasingly shaped by a great recovery of Aristotle’s works and a fascination with other Greek authors; this infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe’s universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries.9) Ninth-century Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs whose development of Cyrillic script made it possible to write Slavic languages.11) Term invented in the twelfth century to describe the Germany- based Empire founded by Otto I in 962 C.E.12) Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.13) Ruler of the Carolingian Empire(r. 768-814) who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe14) New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 C.E. on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; Constantinople’s highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city’s cultural and strategic importance for many centuries.15) Form of liqud fire that could be sprayed at the enemy; invented by the Byzantines and very important in their efforts to halt the Arab advance into Byzantine territory.16) Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C.E. that has still not been healed; “Roman Catholic” was not commonly used until after the Protestant Reformation, but the term is just since, by the eleventh century, Western Christendom defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine.17) The destruction of holy images; a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726 to 843.
 

 

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