Parasitology Exam1 Crossword
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
 
 
Down: 1) symbiosis in which a symbiont benefits from the association, while the symbiont harms the host in some way or lives at the expense of the host3) a related taxon chosen for the purpose of comparison4) integumentary system. part of the first line of defense- oil and sweat give skin 3-5 pH, sweat contains lysozymes, normal flora include nonpathogenic bacteria and fungi, epidermis is 10-30 cells thick, dermis 15-40 times thicker5) average number of parasites per host in a sample of hosts, equal to the arithmetic mean6) internal branch point that represents the common ancestor of those descendants; a speciation event7) – a parasite that contacts its host only to feed then leave8) o 1. Reduction in the extent of the free-living phase of the life cycle (this avoids the variable external environment) o 2. Behavioral responses to locate favorable environments o 3. Responding to chemical stimuli from their host o 4. Changing the behavior of the infected intermediate host to increase the chances of them being eaten by the final host o 5. Infection of secondary and tertiary hosts (why?)12) large parasite that does not multiply in the host of interest. do not induce lasting immunity, mosre stable populations. cause endemic disease13) o Dog- definitive host, earthworm – intermediate host, fish/frog- paratenic host, humans– incidental host14) ancestral characters; characters possessed by members of both ingroup and outgroup17) NK cells and Mast cells21) a permanent change in a cell’s dna; includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss or duplication, and insertion of foreign sequences24) o 1. Energy metabolism- catabolic pathways (breakdown macromolecules) are usually reduced or modified in many parasites o 2. Nutrient uptake- there is an elaboration of transport mechanisms o 3. Synthetic reactions- synthetic capacities of parasites are reduced when compared with their free-living relatives25) set of quantitative descriptors of a population, including prevalence, density(mean, abundance), variance of a frequency distribution, and curve of best fit28) cytokines are on cell surfaces to signal. bind to specific cell receptor protiens. initiate intracelliular signalling cascade.29) living or (rarely) nonliving means of maintaining an infectious agent in nature that can serve as a source of infection for humans or domesticated animals30) study of the effects of large scale factors, such as climate and culture, on distribution of disease in a population35) include lyphocytes and monocytes. mononuclear leukocytes39) a functional system whose components attack foreign substances or prevent their entry into the body40) produce more eggs and sperm than their free-living relatives do o High reproductive potential o Asexual reproduction o Hermaphroditism o Self-fertilization45) type of symbiosis in which both host and symbiont benefit from association- usually obligatory. most cases have physiological dependance47) a similar character that has the same function but different evolutionary origin49) 1. Cytokines are protein hormones utilized by immune cells to communicate 2. Can effect same cells that produce them, cells nearby , or cells distant in body Across: 1) form of symbiosis when the symbiont, the phoront, is mechanically carried about by its host; neither is physiologically dependent on the other- means to 'carry'2) (INF-α, INF-β, INF-y)- a. A class of proteins synthesized upon viral infection of a cell, made by almost all cells b. Act as messengers to protect normal cells in vicinity from becoming infected c. INF-α and INF-β induce the degradation of RNA and block protein production d. INF-y is produced by T cells and natural killer cells to stimulate cells in the cellular response9) a. Do not kill pathogen directly, but induce apoptosis of infected cells (cancer and viral) b. Release perforins, insert in membrane and make pores, granzymes enter infected cell and activate caspase enzymes that induce apoptosis c. Big player in immune surveillance and the bodies defense against cancer d. Do not have T-cell receptors, but do express Fc receptor molecules for IgE10) kills prey, has numerous prey, not symbiotic no post-encounter interaction (just kills and eats and its done)11) organism involved in symbiotic relationship with other organisms, the host14) any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time15) skin and mucosal surfaces16) o 1. Adaptive advantage of parasite behavior  Ex schistosoma mansoni cercariae o 2. Parasite may alter host behavior  Leucochloridium species  Dicrocoelium dendriticum18) a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor (a grouping)19) a group of taxa that includes a hypothetical ancestor but does not include all of the ancestor’s descendants20) saliva, lysozymes, acidic in stomach, digestive enzymes in stomach, nonpathogenic normal flora, vomit and diarrhea22) the number of parasites of one species in an infected host23) both organisms depend on the same food source, shelter, or other resources, and negatively affect each other's survival26) the relative reproductive success (relative fitness) of an allele or genotype as compared to other alleles or genotypes27) polymorphonuclear leukocytes- include neutrophiles, eosinophiles, and basophils. contain granules that are released to attack pathogen30) monocytes mature to macrophage at aite of infection. use phagotcytosis. roam around continuously antigen presenting cell (APC) for helper t cells31) the possession of a trait that coincidently predisposes an organism for survival in an environment different from those encountered in its evolutionary history; may occur because a natural population carries a huge quantity of genetic variability32) parasite that lives on the outer surface of its host33) : the number of new infections per unit time divided by the number of uninfected hosts at the beginning of the measured time34) when necrotic debris confined to a localized area forms pus that may cause an increase in hydrostatic pressure36) - are groups, ranging from subspecies and species, to the increasingly inclusive genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms, and domains37) host in which a parasite develops to some extent but not to sexual maturity38) normally does not kill host, small relative to host, usually has one host at a time, symbiotic, post-encounter where real action begins41) animal interaction in which a predator kills its prey outright; it does not subsist on the prey while the prey is alive42) study of the effects of small scale factors, such as parasite strains, host genetic variation¸and distribution of a disease in a population43) a. Circulating cells, least numerous at about .5% b. Not important as phagocytes c. Release mediators such as histamine to promote inflammation d. Express Fc receptor molecules for IgE44) percentage of a single host species infected at a given time46) (systemic immediate hypersensitivity) hypersensitivity produced by exposure to further doses of the same protein, usually when exposure is within less than 2 weeks- basobils and mast cells release pharmacological substances. drop in BP48) state in which a host is more or less resistant to an infective agent50) a. Primarily located under mucosal surfaces b. Release mediators such as histamine to promote inflammation c. Also triggered during allergic responses d. Express Fc receptor molecules for IgE e. Important component of the inflammatory response51) matures to macrophage52) It describes interactions where the fitness of one species has no effect whatsoever on that of the other53) evolutionary hypotheses of the origin and diversification of a taxon- tree like diagram. shows relationships between taxa54) any agent, such as water, wind, or insect (host), that transmits a disease organism55) a taxon of interest56) taxonomic categories become more inclusive, inclusive up/exclusive donw,- domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, subspecies57) specific locality of a given disease; result of a unique combination of ecological factors that favors the maintenance and transmission of the disease organism58) second line of defense- Phagocytes, inflammation, complement & interferon, cytokines & chemical signals and antimicrobial proteins. doesnt need prior exposure to recognize pathogen. neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages which phagocytose pathogens and trigger the cytokine and chemokine network59) species had to “run” (evolve) in order to stay in the same plane (extant). Cessation of change may result in extinction.-  Each time the parasite acquires a new “weapon” (such as a new antigen), the host is led to produce a new defense (a new antibody, directed at this antigen)
 

 

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