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Special Characters:
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Down: 1) Unconscious desires3) Adaptation- the interaction between the organism and the environment….consists of 2 processes- Assimilation and Accomodation5) 1-3- Self Control7) a condition in a scientific study that in manipulated (changed) so that its effects can be observed8) Attitudes and ideologies of the culture9) negative correlation between children’s grades and their commission of delinquent acts, the higher a child’s grades the less likely they are to engage in criminal behavior10) Assimilation- According to Piaget, the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes.13) Scheme- an action pattern and mental structure that is involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge14) Accommodation- According to Piaget, the modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge15) The process by which organisms increase in size, weight, strength, and other traits as they develop (quantity) example: implanted fertilized egg cell16) Sensorimotor- Birth- 2- years Beginning- child lacks language and doesn’t use symbols or mental representations of objects In time- reflexive responses end and intentional behavior begins Later- the child develops the object concept and acquires the basics of language17) Observational learning is a type of learning in which a person learns new information and behaviors by observing the behaviors of others.19) community institutions and settings that indirectly influence the child, such as the school board and the parent’s workplaces22) Concrete Operational- 7-12 years Beginning- Logical mental actions- called operations- begin. Next- the child develops conservation concepts, can adopt the viewpoints of others, can classify objects in a series, and shows comprehension of basic relational concepts (such as one object being larger or heavier than another).23) person undergoing the period of development from infancy through puberty24) The moral guide25) Fixed Action Pattern, a highly stereotyped pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a particular species.26) Temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently28) 6 to 12 years- Sexual impulses are suppressed, allowing the child to focus on development of social and technological skills.29) Formal Operational- 12 years and older First- mature, adult thought emerges30) Interlocking settings that influence the child, such as the interaction of the school and the larger community when children are taken on field trips31) 3 to 6 years- Gratification derives from stimulation of the genital region. Fixation leads to development of phallic traits such as vanity.32) A formulation of relationships underlying observed events. A theory involves assumptions and logically derived explanations and predictions.33) Assimilation- According to Piaget, the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes.35) -The unconscious, in psychoanalytic theory, is not available to awareness, deep within.36) Adolescence- Sexual impulses reappear, with gratification sought through sexual relations with an adult of the other sex.39) life crisis and internal conflicts that you are trying to solve47) The conscious and balances the Id with societal demands Across: 2) A procedure for teaching complex behavior patterns by reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior.4) Birth to 1 year- Gratification derives from oral activities such as sucking, Fixation leads to development of oral traits such as dependence, depression, and gullibility6) -proposed the theory of psychosexual development= Freud’s views that as children develop, they find sexual gratification through stimulating different parts of their bodies. -The three parts of personality- The Id, Ego and Superego -The child develops through five stages: Anal, Oral, Phallic, Latent and Genital -Too much or too little gratification will lead to a person becoming fixated (stuck in a stage) at a particular stage. -The unconscious, in psychoanalytic theory, is not available to awareness, deep within.11) Preoperational- 2-7 years Beginning- the child begins to represent the world mentally, but thought is egocentric. Next- the child doesn’t focus on two aspects of a situation at once and therefore lacks conservation. Later- the child shows animism, artificialism, and objective responsibility for wrongdoing.12) Adolescence- Sexual impulses reappear, with gratification sought through sexual relations with an adult of the other sex.18) Researchers continually try to sort out the extent to which human behavior is the result of nature (heredity) and of nurture (environmental influences).20) Environmental changes that occur over the life course21) The immediate settings with which the child interacts Ex. Home, school, and one’s peers27) Middle Adulthood- “give back”34) The developmental task is to add initiative, planning and attacking to achieve hat which one has chosen. The preschooler is on the move and becomes proactive.37) Cognitive Development Theory- the stage theory that holds that the child’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures. Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development38) a period of inner conflict during which one examines one’s values and makes decisions about one’s life roles40) Preoperational- 2-7 years Beginning- the child begins to represent the world mentally, but thought is egocentric. Next- the child doesn’t focus on two aspects of a situation at once and therefore lacks conservation. Later- the child shows animism, artificialism, and objective responsibility for wrongdoing.41) A reinforcer that, when removed, increases the frequency of response.42) 1 to 3 years- Gratification derives from anal activities involving elimination. Fixation leads to development of anal-retentive traits (e.g., excessive neatness) or anal expulsive traits (e.g., sloppiness).43) The process by which organisms unfold features and traits, grow, & become more complex and specialized in structure and function (quality and quantity) example: fertilized egg cell44) a group made up of subjects in an experiment who do not receive the treatment but for whom all other conditions are comparable to those of subjects in the experimental group.45) A reinforcer that, when removed, increases the frequency of response.46) Ecology- the branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their environment The Ecological Systems Theory- addresses aspects of psychological, social, and emotional development as well as aspects of biological development. The theorists explain child development in terms of interaction between children and the settings in which they live.48) Erik Erikson- -Theory of psychosocial development- emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout the eight stages of development. 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development-49) Ecology- the branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their environment50) Cognitive Development Theory- the stage theory that holds that the child’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures51) Emphasizes zone of proximal development (ZPD) - the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops. Scaffolding- Temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently -Interaction of nature and nurture: Nurture is discussed in social and cultural terms.
 

 

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