Major Topics of the Social Cognition Approach Crossword
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 
 
Down: 1) Winter and Uleman's study found trait cues were more effective in prompting retrieval than either actor cues or no cues, suggesting that people spontaneously thought about implied traits while processing the original sentences.2) Hastie and Park proposed behavioral memories and trait impressions will be positively related when the impressions are formed after relevant behaviors are observed, but that this will not necessarily be so when impressions are formed as behaviors are observed. Hastie and Kumar's study told participants about a trait and then gave examples of congruent or non-congruent behaviors. Hastie and Park found that memory for incongruent behaviors was better than for congruent behaviors.3) Bargh and Automaticity. People engage in both controlled and automatic processes. Automatic processes are more likely when they possess more of four features (initiate without intention, occur outside awareness, difficult to control, and use little of mind's capacity) and relatively controlled when they posses fewer.5) Recently, prejudice and stereotyping have been viewed as implicit cognitive concepts that sometimes lie outside of awareness and are activated automatically on exposure to a stereotyped target, potentially leading to prejudiced responses. This resulted in emergence of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) that is based on the idea that it is difficult to simultaneously undertake two cognitive categorization tasks that conflict in terms of feelings about things being categorized.7) Cline found that impression accuracy had less to do with the social sensitivity of the perceiver than with the similarity between rater and ratee. Problem with measuring impression accuracy is ideas from Cronbach (accuracy affected by number of artifacts such as similarity between the person whose personality is being rated and the person rating that personality), and criterion for accuracy is unclear. Research has found that accuracy in impression formation relates to a number of individual differences including social sensitivity which can lead to better impression accuracy.9) derived mainly from Heider and is actually multiple theories that attempt to describe people's theories about the causes of behavior.15) Information is recalled better when initially thought about in relation to the self than when thought about in other ways. This self-reference-effect (SRE) parallels but was even stronger than a depth of processing effect (people who think about the meaning of material remember it better than those who think about it more superficially). SRE is not as supported as it once was but it is still evident that information about self is more familiar, better learned, and of more interest to people than are most other kinds of information. Across: 4) partitions "cognition" into component processes involving 1) attention and perception, 2) memory, and 3) judgment6) people have organized conceptions of people, places, events, and other things that they bring to bear in processing new information- conceptions that he called schemas. These schemas provide a framework for remembering information, so that things that can be interpreted in terms of framework are fit to it, and those that cannot are forgotten.8) Early social cognition was criticized for its lack of motivational concepts. In the attitude area a debate had rose between motivation and cognition. For motivation there was dissonance theory and for cognition there was self perception theory. Self perception theory seemed to be able to account for most dissonance effects without assuming any motivational processes. However, later research found that dissonance theory applies when a person's beliefs and behaviors are quite discrepant but that self perception theory applies when beliefs and behaviors are more consistent. Social cognition then embraced motivational constructs.10) the elementalist view s that the separate implications of separate items of information are mentally added or averaged to produce a judgment. The holistic view is that different items of available information affect and change each other, so that their combined implications determine judgments, but their separate implication s are not very important. The holistic is the more favored view.11) arise due to cognitive models of memory that include nodes and pathways linking these nodes. Nodes being thought about become activated and pass through excitation through connecting pathways to other associated nodes. Once a node is activated it loses excitation slowly with any residual excitation making it easier to become reactivated later. Such that prior activation of a trait term, even during another task, leaves that term with some residual level of excitation. Later when an individual is asked to search memory for appropriate constructs the previously activated trait term is likely to come to mind.12) people explain events in terms of things that are present when the event occurs but absent when it does not. (example: student falls asleep in not only psych class but all other classes a lot of the time and other students don't, student is very tired; student falls asleep in psych class but so does a lot of others and student doesn't fall asleep in other classes, psych class is assumed boring)13) New approach that treats people's motivation and goals as concept that can interact with other cognitive concepts in associative memory. Research on the cognitive representation of goals suggest that they are organized hierarchically under super-ordinate goals and values but above specific means and tasks. They can be primed by, or help to prime, other levels of the goal hierarchy, other noncompeting goals, and other goal related concepts.14) people's impressions of others rely on trait concepts.16) Kahneman and Tversky's second heuristic availability relies on both memory and metamemory (people's understanding of how their own memory works) represents people's tendency to guess that the ease with which they can recall something reflects the frequency of that thing in the world.17) one implication is that people will make fewer trait inferences about someone whose socially appropriate behavior can be explained by their personality and by social norms than about someone whose socially inappropriate behavior can be explained only by their personality.18) Zajonc believed that it wasn't that we sized someone up, analyzed their behavior, evaluated their personality and making judgments that will determine our feelings toward them but the other way around. That is, We have already determined our feelings, and it is these that will shape our analysis of their behavior and our evaluation of their personality. Bower's theory added emotional construct nodes that can be part of the cognitive memory structure such that moods can prime memories, resulting in retrieval of memories consistent with those moods. Affect as information approach which suggests that people view their own affect as potentially informative about the world and interpret it in terms of their understanding of the sources and consequences of affective feelings.
 

 

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