Chap 6 Psy. 2 Crossword
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       
 
 
Down: 1) Neural "pre-wiring" that facilitates that child's learning of grammar, seen cross-culturally & w/ deaf children2) 0-1 month, assimilation of new objects into reflexive responses. Infants "look and see" inborn reflexes can be modified by experience.4) ranges from birth to about age 2. Infants learn mostly through trial and error learning. Children initially rely on reflexes, eventually modifying them to adapt to their world. Behaviors become goal directed, progressing from concrete to abstract goals. Objects and events can be mentally represented by the child (sometimes called object permanence).7) Incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes. Across: 3) Deaf, evidence for the sensitive-period hypothesis, he was observed from age 2 1/2 to 9 years. Researchers said he signed in American Sign Language, with correct grammar, even though he had been exposed to only grammatically incorrect ASL by his parents and friends, who were deaf. It shows that learning language is inborn and supports learning occurs during a sensitive period in life.5) Children learn language by observing and imitating, nouns and verbs are learned by imitation. Sometimes children won't imitate adult language even when they are told to.6) Modification of existing schemes so as to incorporate new events or knowledge.8) In linguistic theory period from 18 months to puberty, when the brain is thought to be especially capable of learning language because of its plasticity. Genie's situation supports the sensitive-period hypothesis, her language remained below standards of 2-3 year olds. 9) Research raised questions about validity of many of his claims, researchers agree that cognitive development is not tied to discrete stages as he suggested. Stage theory requires changes to be discontinuous, his theory the cognitive responses to the world would change suddenly. Also, researchers show that he underestimated infant's competence, infants display object permanence earlier than he believed. 10) Offers insights into the issue of whether there is a sensitive period for language development. Her father locked her in a small room at the age of 20 months and kept her there until she was 13. From lack of socializing, she couldn't speak. When she was rescued, her language development followed the same sequence of younger children but it wasn't the same. After 5 years, her language was still very telegraphic. She had problem with syntax(unable to reverse subjects and verbs to phrase spontaneous questions). She was confused about past tense and had difficulty using negative helping verbs such as isn't and haven't. Her situation supports the sensitive-period hypothesis, her language remained below standards of 2-3 year olds.11) Gradual building of complex behavior patterns through reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behavior, (however, parents reward the trustfulness of utterances, NOT their grammatical accuracy)12) Smallest unit of meaning in a language.
 

 

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