ANTH278 Crossword
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
 
 
Down: 1) Population growth was a key factor in the demise of the Mayan city of Copan. Population growth, as is obvious with the phrase, occurs when an area’s population increases in size, especially when it does so at a constant rate. Over-population can be a result if population growth is left unattended to, which ultimately can become to downfall of a civilization, as is evident in Copan. Too little resources for too many people leaves many people hungry and unable to support themselves let alone their family. 2) The Maya farmers were quite this in their practices due to their sustainable farming. Their ability to endure allowed them to work around problems, thus this is shown4) The kings on the other hand, although not killed off by this, became land owners because they did not move their kingdoms to areas with more rainfall.5) This is the ability to resist harsh environments or encounters and continue living. In the Moche Valley, it has been found that although El Nino ravished much of the land multiple times, political stability remained a constant. The political structure was very this to the harsh conditions that El Nino created.7) Domestication is the change in physical characteristics of plant and animals due to human manipulation. Staple crops such as maize, potatoes, and manioc were all domesticated so they could feed more people due to a greater yield. In doing so, labor became much more intensive, there was a less diverse diet, and there was a decreasing quality of life among other things that arose in a negative aspect. In addition, as found with the Harappa, sheep, goats and cattle were domesticated. Cattle were found to be domesticated for both food and for plowing.9)  -Greenhouse gases are gases emitted into the air that absorb and emit radiation, leading to the greenhouse effect. Carbon Dioxide is a main example of a greenhouse gas that everyone emits daily. The Victorian State Government in Australia released a campaign involving black baloons representing greenhouse gases given off by many common household appliances in an attempt to get citizens to save energy.10) Surplus is everything extra after what is needed has been used. Surplus is a key contributer to early civilizations as it was used as a currency for trade. Those who controlled the surplus had power seeing as many of the seasons there wasn’t the ability to grow food. The surplus of food, such as corn, helped feed a lot of civilization in harsher seasons. In Mayan times, the Paramount Chief owned the land in which the people grew their crops. In order to keep the land, the farmers gave a percentage of their crop to the Chief, making him the controller of the surplus of food.12) Civilizations during the Broad Spectrum Revolution became more and more this in the foods they collected and the animals they hunted to provide for themselves and their families. To add, the Chimor had vast irrigation systems, so if one broke or was lost, there were others that could take its place Across: 3) Archaeoclimatology is site-specific climate model used for prediciting climate during ancient civilizations, such as the Harappan civilization. Through the studies in Wright et al. book, it is concluded that the Harappan civilization was subject to dramatic trasitions in precipitation patterns such as monsoons and Winter rains, as well as stream activity which points to realignment of channels around the Harappa. 6) In Billman’s cautionary note, the effects of El Nino are examined, especially on the Moche Valley. Crops are deemed to have been destroyed as well as fields due to erosion. Canal intakes would have been destroyed and some homes as well. In short, families in this area would have faced multiple challenges during El Nino. Billman goes on to state that “the complexities of human society and global climate change and the durability of Andean policies demand that we be extremely cautious in our leap from El Nino polical change correlations to casual inference.”8) The Moche and the Chimu both lived in dry areas, mainly because the Chimu settled where the Moche once lived. Both of these civilizations were affected by droughts and wet seasons, but the Chimu learned from the Moche’s mistakes and developed a diverse and flexible subsistence strategy involving multiple irrigation systems in case one failed there were others to take its place, whereas the Moche were inflexible. The Chimu moved from area to area during period of drought or large rainfalls for better living environments, but were eventually overtaken by the Inka, where the Moche faded out due to environmental problems.11) Chaco Canyon in the American Southwest was a very arid area with very low annual rainfall. The rainfall was also very unpredictable and localized. As for the uniqueness of Chaco Canyon, the farming aspects differed between the north and south sides. The farmers on the south side of the Canyon relied on rainfall whereas the farmers on the north side of the Canyon relied on densely packed gridded fields. 13) Cahokia was North America’s City-State, located near current day St. Louis, and it’s big bang occurred around 1050 AD in which people moved there and brought new ideas and styles in. Old villages dissolved, new farmsteads were created in the floodplain, the population centralized and increased 5 to 10 fold. Furthermore, new plazas and pyramids were constructed during this time period. The end of Cahokia was characterized by people starting to leave and upland sites being abandoned. Environmental problems such as drought were contributing factor to Cahokia’s eventual demise.14) -One major difference between the Classic Maya and the Angkor is the usage of irrigation systems. The Mayans were completely rainfall dependent whereas the Angkor were, although still dependent on rainfall, avid participants in the usage and expansions of irrigation systems, especially during their dry season. On the other hand, a major similarity of the Maya and the Angkor is found in their projected demise. A massive drought is what ended the Angkor, and in studies done on the Maya, it has been deemed that a series of droughts, ending with a massive drought as well, was the reason the Mayan civilization came to an end.15) Rainfall dependency is a factor that early civilizations, such as the Mayans, could not control. As the phrase states, rainfall dependency means relying on rainfall as the main contributing factor of water for a certain area. For the Mayans, civilization was built around areas with either extremely high rainfall, or very low rainfall, and reservoirs were created to hold the water that rainfall produced. As for irrigation, which involves artificial watering, it was used by other early civilizations such as the Angkor. Small channels were dug allowing water to travel from a reservoir to the areas it was needed for agricultural purposes or to prevent flooding.16) The Maya are prime examples of this, enduring a lot during their time period. The Maya farmers practiced and continued using many farming practices that are still used today, whereas their kings were impacted by such things as climate change, and faltered, not able to endure the harshness.17) Southern Mesopotamia contained the civilzation of Sumer. Southern Meopotamia was very hot and dry, and relied on irrigation from the Euphrates river. There was no known language either. As for Northern Mesopotamia, it containedthe civilization of Akkadian. It was quite hilly, rainfall dependent with Little irrigation and had a semitic language. The north domesticated wheat, sheep, and goats to help aid in their survival. In both the north and south, there was settlement hierarchy, craft specialization, and prívate property.
 

 

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