Astronomy Test #7 Chapter 7 Crossword
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
 
 
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Down: 1) The greenhouse effect on Venus keeps its surface temperature at 470 °C or 878 °F. But why is the greenhouse effect on Venus somuch stronger than on Earth?2) Earth’s magnetic field protects us from charged particles from the Sun. | The charged particles can create aurorae (“Northern lights”).3) • Seasonal winds on Mars can drive huge dust storms.4) • Erosion is a blanket term for weather-driven processes that break down or transport rock. • Processes that cause erosion include — Glaciers— Rivers — Wind5) • 50% Earth’s radius, 10% Earth’s mass • 1.5 AU from the Sun • Axis tilt about the same as Earth • Similar rotation period • Thin CO2 atmosphere: little greenhouse • Main difference: Mars is SMALLER6) Volcanism also releases gases from Earth’s interior into the atmosphere. 7) Convection of the mantle creates stresses in the crust called tectonic forces. | Compression forces make mountain ranges. | A valley can form where the crust is pulled apart.8) Atmosphere scatters blue light from the Sun, making it appear to come from different directions. | Sunsets are red because less of the red light from the Sun is scattered. 9)  A planet’s outer layer of cool, rigid rock is called the lithosphere. | It “floats” on the warmer, softer rock that lies beneath. VERY IMPORTANT: Rigid lithosphere (crust and mantel) 11) Large enough for geological activity to release and retain water and atmosphere12) The runaway greenhouse effect would account for why Venus has so little water.13) Rock stretches when pulled slowly but breaks when pulled rapidly. | The gravity of a large world pulls slowly on its rocky content, shaping the world into a sphere.15) Many volcanoes, including both shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes16) Earth’s continents slide around on separate plates of crust.17) Volcanoes-Craters-Mountains-Riverbeds19) Earth’s distance from the Sun and moderate greenhouse effect make liquid water possible.22) • Seasons on Mars are more extreme in the southern hemisphere because of its elliptical orbit. 28) • Some volcanic activity 3 billion years ago must have flooded lunar craters, creating lunar maria (relatively smooth, flat plain). • The Moon is now geologically dead.31) • Some volcanic activity 3 billion years ago must have flooded lunar craters, creating lunar maria (relatively smooth, flat plain). • The Moon is now geologically dead.34) Some craters -Volcanoes Riverbeds? Across: 8) Water is denser than oil, so oil floats on water.10) Because of the greenhouse effect, Earth is much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere...but so is Venus.14) Disruption of a planet’s surface by internal stresses18) Volcanism happens when molten rock (magma) finds a path through lithosphere to the surface. | Molten rock is called lava after it reaches the surface.20) Earth is habitable because it is large enough to remain geologically active, and it is at the right distance from the Sun so oceans could form.21) Volcanoes -Few craters23) Certain molecules let sunlight through but trap escaping infrared photons.24) 1. Gravitational potential energy of accreting planetesimals | 2. Differentiation | 3. Radioactivity25) • All X-ray light is absorbed very high in the atmosphere. • Ultraviolet light is absorbed by ozone (O3).26) PHOTOSYNTHESIS (plant life) is required to make high concentrations of O2, which produces the protective layer of O3.27) Photos of rocks taken by lander show little erosion29) • Any gas that absorbs infrared | Greenhouse gas: molecules with two different types of elements (CO2, H2O, CH4) | Not a greenhouse gas: molecules with one or two atoms of the same element (O2, N2)30) 4. Subduction carries carbonate rocks down into the mantle. 5. Rock melts in mantle and outgases CO2 back into atmosphere through volcanoes.32) Fractured and twisted surface indicates tectonic stresses33)  Moderate density; silicon, oxygen, etc.35) • Reflective clouds contain droplets of sulfuric acid. • The upper atmosphere has fast winds that remain unexplained.36) The CO2 cycle acts like a thermostat for Earth’s temperature.37) Craters -Smooth plains Cliffs38) Applying what we have learned about Earth’s interior to other planets tells us what their interiors are probably like.
 

 

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