History22 Crossword
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
                                                   
 
 
Down: 1) made a code of laws that is remembered for prescribing the death penalty for a number of relatively minor criminal offenses, giving us the term draconian (harsh). More important was the fact that Draco removed the power to punish from private families (responsible for avenging the death of a family member for instance) and placing that power in the hands of the state2) Athenians commissioned Solon in 594 to craft laws that would restore social stability. Solon moved to defuse this situation by abolishing debt slavery4) an Athenian politician backed by the merchant class, convinced the polis to invest in constructing a large fleet of triremes. Themistocles, who had convinced the Athenians to build its sizable fleet, hoped to provoke the Persians into a naval battle. Themistocles sent word to Xerxes, as if he were a Persian supporter, urging him to attack the Athenian fleet at Salamis—and he did. In the narrow straits between the island of Salamis and the mainland, the Greek ships proved more effective and the battle was a disaster for the Persians5) conflict between Athens and Sparta that lasted from 431-404 B.C6) followed in the steps of Herodotus in developing historical writing, specifically the Peloponnesian war 10) an alliance of local states formed by the Spartans In order to defend its territory from intruders14) a figure who may or may not have actually lived, who Spartans attributed their form of government. Supposedly, Lycurgus developed his ideas for the Spartan way of life after visiting Crete. Spartans also claimed that Lycurgus had received his “constitution” for Sparta, called the Great Rhetra (Great Statement) from none other than the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi.15) Anti-Persian coalition led by Athens but not including Sparta16) Student of Aristotle. Launches Invasion of Persian Empire in 334 B.C.Kept a copy of The Iliad and a dagger under his pillow22) figure of great historical importance that was, and still is, shrouded in mystery. She spoke for the god Apollo and answered questions for the Greeks and foreign inquirers about colonization, religion, and power23) supposedly Athens founder celebrated for his struggle with the Minotaur and an associate of Heracles supposedly unified the Athenian polis by proclaiming the governments of the surrounding villages to be abolished—which was voluntarily accepted24) stress the importance of ethics and attack those who presumptuously claimed to be wise25) rule by “the few,”27) allowed the Athenians to select one citizen a year to send into exile. The period of exile lasted for ten years and carried no criminal stigma or additional penalties. Ostracisms could only be carried out if six thousand citizens cast ballots calling for someone to be ostracized 29) unification of many villages under one government permanently located in a “capital city30) son of Darius I. was determined to conquer Greece and began preparations in 484 B.C. Xerxes sent emissaries into Greece demanding submission and many poleis agreed to go over to the Persian side31) place where the Persian landed to strike Athens. In the Battle of Marathon, the heavily-armored Athenian hoplites charged downhill and successfully broke the Persian ranks causing a panic—many became bogged down in marshes trying to escape to their ships33) Hoplites fought in a tight formation known as a phalanx. the shields the hoplites could cover the warrior as well as part of the warrior standing to the left. This created a wall of shields that was difficult to penetrate as long as the formation held36) Athens was, like many other poleis, dominated by an aristocratic clique during its early years—the Eupatrids (“people with good fathers”)37) the Greek city state39) After the battle of Salamis, Xerxes retreated from Greece with most of his army, leaving his son in law Mardonius in charge of a reduced force to face the Greeks. Mardonius was able to secure support from the Greek polis of Thebes and was determined to face the forces of the Hellenic League in battle. Despite being outnumbered, the Spartan-led forces were more heavily armored and prevailed in battle near the town of Plataea, ending the threat of Persian conquest Across: 3) Plato’s student, argued that the material world was quite real and existed in union with ideas7) sought to undermine the power of the wealthiest Athenian families and did so by somewhat arbitrarily dividing the Athenians into ten tribes8) were tied to the land and essentially slaves although they could not be sold away from their communities9) A group of wandering instructors known as the Sophists played a significant role in the direction of philosophy towards concern with human affairs11) The real power lay with the council of elders or gerousia, which was composed of twenty-eight men over the age of 60 who made policy decisions12) Spartan ephors directed a society known as the krypteia (secret police) of “talented” Spartan youths who were sent out into the countryside with daggers to kill any helots they found on the roads at night as well as any that they identified as unusually strong or otherwise threatening13) Socrates’ student, developed a philosophy that stressed the reality of ideas (forms) and denied the reality of the material world17) successful general who was a distant relation of Solon. Beginning in 560 B.C., he began to lead coups aimed at seizing power in Athens. The first two attempts led to brief success, followed by expulsion. In 546 B.C., he raised an army of mercenaries, marched on Athens, and ruled there until his death in 527 B.C.18) Father of Alexander 19) often identified as the “Father of History” in the Western tradition. Not the first to give us an account of events. His account of the events of the Persian Wars is the best contemporary source available20) Spartan government preserved the office of the basileus to a degree not found in most other Greek poleis. There were two hereditary kings (basileis) who were responsible for serving as the war leaders of the community. The basileis were in turn overseen by a body of officials called ephors who ensured that the basileis did not act illegally21) dominated the policymaking process in the Early Athenian government 26) body of officials who ensured that the basileis did not act illegally28) Alexander’s empire did not survive his death, but was divided among his generals.Although a variety of states contended for control of the various provinces, three kingdoms in particular emerged as stable and powerful: The Ptolemaic Kingdom , The Seleucid Kingdom and The Antigonid Kindom32) the rulers of the new city states preferred to think of themselves as “the best” (aristoi) people instead of the “few” (oligoi) 34) citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields.35) Spartan constitution. Created a form of government that was totalitarian—the Spartan polis governed every aspect of what we would think of being the private lives of their citizens38) Alliance formed to resist Persian attacks by Those who did not go to the Persian side, including Athens and Sparta40) a man who seized control of the government by a coup and governed illegally41) The Spartans used their victory over Athens to dismantle the Athenian Empire and establish an oligarchy in Athens known as the Thirty Tyrants. The Thirty Tyrants provoked outrage in Athens, who were overthrown in 403 B.C., and democracy was restored42) leader that brought the poor to power and several social reforms as : Selection of government officers by lottery for most positions (notable exception: generals)Salaries for public officials and jurors Selection of jurors by lottery43) Rather than challenge the Persians on land, Athens was abandoned and its population evacuated to the island of Salamis. In the narrow straits between the island of Salamis and the mainland, the Greek ships proved more effective and the battle was a disaster for the Persians44) Persian king who tried to take control over Athens by attacking the city but was defeated. He was the Father of Xerxes
 

 

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