Philosopy Introduction Crossword
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
 
 
Down: 2) Refers to an argument whose premises are false or that is invalid3) A generally accepted principle according to which one may infer one statement from another5) A contradiction between one and the same statement or set of statements6) The principle or one of the principles upon which an argument is based. The starting point of an argument.8) Overly general, not concrete, independent of particular concerns or objects. For example, a philosopher may attempt to ascertain the nature of justice without particular reference to any concrete practical case.10) An apparently persuasive argument that is really an error in reasoning; an unsound or invalid argument11) A provisional conclusion, accepted as most probable in the light of the known facts or tentatively adopted as a basis for analysis.12) An argument against the person instead of the position; for example, attacking a philosopher's living habits instead of asking whether or not his theories are true14) Descarte's philosophical method. This method is essentially a deductive method, as in geometry, starting with self-evident axioms and deducing the rest.16) A form of argument in which one refutes a statement by showing that it leads to self-contradiction or an otherwise intolerable conclusion17) In a deductive argument, a sequence of steps, each according to an acceptable rule of inference, to the conclusion to be proved.18) A short, striking general observation, usually just sentence or two.21) A philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments.23) Usually, a proposition about tall of a group or set of things on the basis of a limited acquaintance with some of its members. In logic, however, a generalization may be universal ("all x's are y's") or existential ("There are some x's that are y's");24) Fitting together in an orderly logical way. Two principles have this relationship if they do not contradict each other. A philosophy has this property if none of its principles contradict each other26) Obvious and not worth saying28) Merely restating as the conclusion of an argument one of its premises. For example, "Why do oysters give me indegestion? Because they upset my stomach."29) A process of reasoning from one principle to another by means of accepted rules of inference. In this kind of argument, a conclusion follow necessarily from the premises, so if you are certain of the premises, you can be certain of the conclusion, tool30) The logical relation of two principles in which the truth of one requires the falsity of the other. A witness's statement in court his this relationship with other testimony if both statements cannot be true.32) The tst or standard according to which judgement or an evaluation can be made. For example, a test for a substance being an acid is whether or not it turns litmus paper red. Or a sure mark or standard. In ancient skepticism, a sufficient guarantee of truth.33) A principle taken for granted without argument or proof34) "The awakened one"; the historical founder of Buddhism35) A statement or declaration, taking a position. Mere assertion, when presented as an argument, is a fallacy; arguments consist not only of assertions but of reasons for them as well.36) One statement logically follows from another.41) The use of two propositions or arguments to support one another with no other support42) The process of reasoning from one claim to another. An argument may, but need not, be directed against an explicit alternative. A philosophical argument does not require an opponent or a disagreement.43) Intellectual independence and freedom from authority. Moral autonomy is the ability of every rational person to reach his or her own moral conclusions about what is right and what is wrong. (This does not mean that they will therefore come to different conclusions.)44) That which is asserted or denied of a thing, which refers to a property of things. Examples includes "is red," "is an animal."50) The ability to think abstractly, to form arguments and make inferences Across: 1) Lack of certainty; lack of reasons to believe and perhaps having reasons not to believe. It is important to distinguish this term in this philosophical sense from its ordinary psychological sense. Mere personal uncertainty or distrust is not sufficient; there must be a demonstrable reason to do this, that is, a reason for not accepting the belief in question.3) To think about something, to "put it in perspective"4) Those axioms and assumptions from which a philosophy begins. They must be solid and indisputable principles; they need not be those principles that one happens to believe first.7) Explanations, justifications, evidence, or some other basis for accepting a proposition9) An assertion that is either true or false13) The study or the rules of valid inference and "rational argument." In general, a sense of order15) The persuasive use of language con convince other people to accept your beliefs19) An example that contradicts a generalization, such as "all elephants have tusks." A counterexample would be an elephant without tusks.20) A three line argument22) A branch of logic that is concerned with the principles of reasoning as such, in which the relationship between symbols are studied, not their interpretation.25) Descarte's technique for discovering those principles of which we can be "perfectly certain," namely, doubt everything, until you discover those principles that cannot be doubted.27) Obvious without proof or argument; for Descartes, a "clear and distinct idea," about which there could be no doubt, and it is obvious that there could be no doubt31) A sentence in which one takes a position, states a fact, asserts a proposition33) A life of self-denial and material simplicity, often to further philosophical or religious goals37) The "Way"; in Confucianism, the "way" to be a gentleman, for example, following the rituals; in Daoism, the underlying and ineffable "way" of nature or reality38) Refers to an argument that correctly follows agreed-upon rules of inference. Always applies to arguments, not statements.39) Thinking so as to be mindful of mistakes in reasoning; To be this is not necessarily to be unpleasant40) A process of reasoning in which the characteristics of an entire class or set of things is inferred on the basis of an acquaintance with some of its members. In an inductive argument, although the conclusion is supported by the premises, it does not follow necessarily from the premises, and its truth is not guaranteed by them.45) Refers to an argument whose premises are true and that is valid46) A principle that is assumed as a precondition for whatever else one believes, which itself may remain un-examined and un-criticized throughout the argument. For example, a lawyer assumes that the court aims at justice and has some idea what is just. It is the philosopher, not the lawyer, who challenges such claims.47) Reasoning from one set of principles to another, as in an argument. Deductive is but a single form of this. 48) A self-contradictory conclusion drawn from seemingly acceptable premises. For example, suppose you try to help all and only those people who do not help themselves. That sounds reasonable enough. But then, do you help yourself? If you do help everyone, then you would help yourself. But if you do not help yourself, then you are not helping all who do not help themselves. 49) An approach and strategy for resolving philosophical problems. For example, the appeal to experience, the appeal to divine revelation, the insistence upon mathematical logic, confidence in reason, or trust in authority-all these are aspects of this in philosophy.51) Beyond doubt. But it is important to insist that this in the philosophical sense is more than the common psychological use of this word. One can feel this way and yet be wrong or foolish. One can be this, in this philosophical sense, only if one can prove that the matter is beyond doubt, that no reasons for doubt could be raised.52) A principle that is generally accepted from the beginning and so may be used without further debate as a starting point of an argument53) Not fitting together in an orderly or logically agreeable fashion. Using fancy jargon that has no precise meaning may be a source of this. So is a mere list of random beliefs without any order or logic to hold them together. A philosophy with this property may be insightful and true in parts, but because it never coheres into a single system, it may well appear to be nonsense or simply a jumble of words and phrases.54) An orderly formulation of principles (together with reasons, implications, evidence, methods, and propositions) that is comprehensive, consistent, and coherent and in which various principles are interconnected as tightly as possible by logical implications.55) Argument through dialogue, disagreement, and successive revisions, out of which comes agreement. Alternatively,l a "logic" developed by Hegel in which different forms or philosophies are arranged according to increasing sophistication and scope. The "logic" is a development from one form, whose inadequacies are demonstrated, to another, which corrects these inadequacies, and so on. Marx borrows this, and gives it a social interpretation. (The "logic" need not be anything like the form "thesis-antithesis-synthesis")56) Not compatible; contradictory. One may also say that a person's actions are this with his or her principles. People as well as other principles may have this relationship with a principle.57) A cultural and philosophical movement in the eighteenth century in Europe defined by a new confidence in human reason and individual autonomy. Some of the major figures of this movement were Descartes, the meta-physician d'Holbach, the political philosopher Rousseau, ad the political reformer-writer Voltaire in France. In Great Britain, Enlightenment philosophers were Locke and Hume; in Germany, Kant.58) Not correctly following agreed-upon rules of inference in an argument. Always applied to arguments, not to statements.59) Logical connection. A statement by a witness in a courtroom shares this property with other testimony and evidence when it fits in and is consistent with that other testimony and evidence. To say that a philosophy must have this property is to say that its various principles must fit together in an orderly and logically agreeable fashion.
 

 

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