ANS 110 Exam 3 Crossword
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2) Dark, Firm, Dry - long term stress uses up muscle glycogen (energy), muscle color stays dark due to high pH3) Function, Origin, Biological Type Traits (size/growth, milk, lean, marbling), Age at Puberty, Other (color, horned trait, use in crossbreeding)4) Licensed educational professional, working on pre-established educational goals, process documented and evaluated, student participants carefully screened5) Hold off feed 12-24 hours before transportation and slaughter - livestock feeder won't waste un-utilized feed, less excretion during transport, reduce weight of GI tract, ease evisceration, minimize microbial contamination. Free access to water - enhance bleeding, brighter lean6) Low biosecurity, goal - mix and delivery quality, stage-appropriate diets. TMR 75% corn, 25% soybean meal. Weaned pigs - pelleted diets, mid nursery + - ground feed8) Bovine animals, especially domesticated members of the genus Bos.9) Bovine female born twin to a bull (almost always infertile)10) Moderate lean, moderate marbling, moderate to high milk, moderate puberty, maternal: moderate growth - South Devon, Tarentaise, Pingauer11) Receives smaller food particles directly from the reticulum. Absorbs nutrients and water12) Bovine female prior to producing her first calf15) Bovine female that has produced a calf16) Nearly all beef cows and calves are grazed on pasture during the summer, 2-20 acres per cow/calf pair, Herd should have access to free-choice mineral mix containing micro and macro minerals, Creep feeding of calves if economics feasible19) Castrated male20) Selection Theory, Breeding Programs, Reproductive Tech. - selecting and mating animals with desirable traits to improve specific qualities in future generations21) Female who has not reproduced22) Mature female who has produced23) Avoid saturated fields, be mindful of coming rain, spring applications minimize potential loss for N, for fall applications apply manure on medium to fine soils25) 80% of the World is developing, 20% is developed. 87.5% of US households are food secure, 13.5% are not (8.4% without hunger, 5.1% are hungry)26) Composed of 30,000 (5%) seedstock breeders out of 625,000 cow-calf producers. There are 60 breeds of beef cattle in the US, 10-15 are having significant impact on the commercial beef industry27) Very high milk, high marbling, early puberty: moderate lean, high growth - Holstein; low lean, low growth - Jersey28) 6% of ingested energy is lost as eructed methane. Dairy cow - 1 gallon of milk for 63% smaller carbon footprint 109-126 kg methane/year. Full Grown Cow - produces 250-500 L of methane a day, 60-71 kg methane/year. Cattle - consume byproducts that would else go to landfill, high forage diets increase enteric methane production31) Low to high biosecurity, variable health status, goal - transition piglets, set them up for success (rapid growth). Housed in groups, vaccinations, gut development, environmental control, high quality (digestible) high protein diet, stay in nursery until 40-60 lbs (4-8 weeks)32) Sexually intact male bovine33) Medium to high biosecurity, variable health status, goals - maintain pregnancy and feed to body condition. Housed individually or in groups. Estrous cycle 21 days34) Acts as a fermentation vat where larger feed particles are digested by microbes39) Quantitative, Population, Molecular, Statistical, Behavioral. - study of heredity, how genes are passed down through generations41) Livestock - anaerobic decomposition of manure; Dependent on - storage conditions (temp and moisture), manure composition, feed composition; Methane-enteric Fermentation - digestive process involving microbes, methane is by-product, eructation and flatus; Depends on - digestive system, ruminant vs. monogastric, type/quality of feed42) Bovine male that is castrated before sexual maturity43) Medium to high biosecurity, variable health status, goal - farrow and wean healthy piglets, minimize loss of condition in lactating sow. Typically moved to farrowing housing at 110 days gestation. Energy dense diet, sows can struggle to eat the value needed to keep up with energy demand. Lactation 11-40 days, 21 days standard45) High biosecurity, High health, goal - distribute genetics. Pooled semen for a given terminal sire line, collected Mondays and Thursdays for Tuesday and Friday shipment48) Refers to the subfamily Bovinae (includes cattle, bison, buffalo, kudu) |
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1) Estimate of an animal's genetic merit for a particular trait that is passed on to the next generation. Based on pedigree information, heritability estimates, and performance record. Relative to the population.3) Very high lean, low marbling, low milk, late puberty, terminal: very high growth - Charolais, Chianina; high growth - Belgian Blue; moderate growth - Limousin, Piedmontese7) From manure, fertilizer, and organic material nitrification - denitrification process. Contributes to stratospheric and tropospheric ozone depletion (greenhouse effect). 300 times stronger than CO2 as a greenhouse gas13) Total = $540 bill - Cattle/calves = 16.6% 14) Complete set of genetic instructions (DNA) found in an organism, containing all information needed for its development, function, and inheritance.17) Low to moderate lean, low marbling, high milk, very late puberty, heat tolerant, maternal: high growth - American Brahman, Nelore, Santa Gertrudis (3/8 Brahman, 5/8 shorthorn); moderate growth - Beefmaster (1/2 Brahman, 1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Shorthorn), Brangus (3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus); low growth - Sahiwal18) Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota22) Minimize soil disturbance, maximize crop diversity, keep soil covered, maintain living root year-round, integrate livestock24) Gives a positive defense to farmers who voluntarily follow General Accepted Agriculture Management Practices (GAAMPs) from nuisance lawsuits29) Social workers provide support and psychoeducation about stress relief and compassion fatigue - client emotional support, human-animal bond, grief and loss, etc.30) Medium to High biosecurity, Variable health status, goal - breed by natural or AI following estrus detection. Housing can be confinement or non-confinement, stalls or pens (prioritize ease of boar exposure for heat detection. Diet = high energy, gilts still growing, weaned sows need to regain conditions, increase ovulation rate35) Heifers typically bred 14.5 months to calve at 24 months of age, avg. cow life in herd is 6-8 years, many 10-12 before culled. must keep 1/3 of heifers each year for herd replacements. 36) Pork - conventional chill (34F with 24 hour rapid air movement), spray chill (cold water 34-41F sprayed periodically with rapid air movement for up to 10 hours, then conventional chilling for remainder 24 hr), blast chill (freezing temps -4--40F for 1-3 hours then move to equalizer cooler to even out temp). Beef - conventional 28-32F with rapid air movement 24-48 hours, sometimes spray chill37) Anabolic implants increase ADG and efficiency of feed use in all cattle ages. Placed in ear and made of natural or synthetic estrogen (increases protein accretion), testosterone (prolong and enhance estrogen effects), and/or progesterone (same as test). 95% of US fed cattle are implanted.38) Farrowed >500K litters in 2025, avg 11 piglets/litter, ranked #13 in production40) High biosecurity concern for young pigs, low biosecurity concern for market hogs, goal - load and transport with minimal stress. Moving gilts to a breeding unit, Moving breeder stock to buyer, sending cull boars/sows to market, moving weaned pigs to nursery/wean to finish, moving nursery pigs to finisher, sending finished hogs to market44) 1990's 40% of swine operations large firs, today more than 70%. CAFO's = concentrated animal feeding operation (swine is >2500 pigs weighing more than 55 lbs)46) Heifer that has calved once, then fed for harvest47) 18% of calories, 40% of protein, 45% of fat49) Produces and receives enzymes that help with protein absorption in the intestines50) Long-term loadings due to erosion, runoff, etc. - slow increase BOD, rooted plant growth, algal blooms, fish stress and fish kills, Hypoxia in Gulf (an area of low oxygen concentration known as the Gulf's dead zone)51) 2+ steps - Cash Crop/Feed Mill -> Sow Farms (breeding, gestation, farrowing) -> Nursery -> Finisher -> Packer -> Distribution Marketing. 52) Low to medium biosecurity, variable health status, goal - rapid growth to market weight. Housed in groups, cruise control/low maintenance, continues environmental control, high quality diet, moderate protein, marketed starting 250 lbs, ideal 280-30053) Most used via natural service (pasture mating), 7% of beef cows are bred via AI. Cost of yearling bull $3,500-$10,000, normally kept for 3-5 years before self for beef, bulls reach puberty at 10 months but should not be turned out with cows until at least 14-15 months, 15-40 cows/bull depending on bull's age54) Animals metabolize human inedible products and yield human edible products. Animal products such as milk (contains 13 essential nutrients) provide children nutrients and can be associated with improved outcomes |
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